Business administration, management science or just management, is a social science that studies the organization of business and the way they manage resources, processes and results of activities.
are administrative sciences and financial economics, accounting, corporate finance and marketing, strategic management etc.
Management is based around a company and know that if we manage not the result desired, so as we might say that the administration is the foundation of every business, generally speaking, because when we talk about Management also know we mean to manage all our life, our time. Concept
is the global process-oriented decision-making to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently, by planning, organization, integration of personnel, management (leadership) and control. It is a science that is based on looking at future technical, coordinating things, people and systems to achieve, through an objective comparison and hierarchy to effectively and efficiently. Historical Development
There are difficulties to go back to the origin story of the administration. Some writers trace the development of the administration to Sumerian traders and the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, or the organizational methods of the Church and the old militias. However, many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, they were not required to systematically address the management applications.
Innovations such as the extension of Arabic numbers (between ages V and XV) and the emergence of double entry bookkeeping in 1494 provided the tools for planning and control organizations, and thus birth formal administration. However, it is in the nineteenth century when the first publications that talked about how scientific management, and the first approach of an emergency method claimed given the emergence of the industrial revolution. Siglo XIX
Some think of modern management as a discipline began as an offshoot of the economy in the nineteenth century. The classical economists such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill provided a theoretical background to resource allocation, production, and pricing. At the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney, James Watt and Matthew Boulton, developed technical tools of production such as standardization, quality control procedures, cost accounting, and planning work.
end of the nineteenth century, Leon Walras, Alfred Marshall and other economists introduced a new layer of complexity to the theoretical principles of the Administration. Joseph Wharton offered the first tertiary course on Management in 1881. That's right. jr says. Twentieth Century
During the twentieth century the administration was evolving as organizations became more complex as engineering sciences, sociology, psychology and systems theory were developed.
Classical Theory of Scientific Management School Around 1900
entrepreneurs are trying to give their theories a scientific basis. Examples include "Science of management" of Henry Towne, 1890, "Scientific Management" by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911), "The study Applied movement of Franck and Lillian Gilbreth (1917). In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first consultant in business administration in creating the "Japanese style management." His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered of Japanese quality assurance. For the 1930 Fordism makes its appearance, following the ideas of Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company.
School of Management and Industrial General
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. First, Henri Fayol, who is credited as the founder of classical school of management, was the first systematic managerial behavior and established the 14 principles of management in his book "Industrial and General Administration"
Subordination of individual interests: Above the employees' interests are the interests of the company.
Control Unit, an employee in any job should only take orders from a superior.
Management Unit: One head and one plan for all group activities that have a single objective. This is the essential condition for achieving unity of action, coordination of effort and focus. The control unit can not happen without unity of direction, but does not follow from this.
Centralization: The concentration of authority in the high ranks of the hierarchy.
Hierarchy: Chain of heads ranging from the highest authority to the lowest level and the root of all communication goes to the highest authority.
Division of labor: it means that should specialize the tasks to develop and staff in their work.
Authority and Responsibility: The ability to give orders and expect obedience from others, this creates more responsibilities.
Discipline: This depends on factors such as the desire to work, obedience, dedication, proper behavior. Compensation
personal satisfaction should be guaranteed fair and employees.
Order: Everything must be properly put in place and in place, this order is both material and human.
Equity: kindness and justice to obtain the loyalty of staff.
Stability and duration of staff in charge: You have to give stability to the staff.
Initiative: It has to do with the ability to visualize a plan to monitor and ensure the success of this.
Team Spirit: Have everyone working within the company warmly as if they were a team, make the strength of an organization. Bureaucratic School
The German sociologist Max Weber (1864 - 1920), thinking that an organization aimed at achieving goals, and made by thousands of individuals, required close monitoring of their activities, developed a theory of bureaucratic administration which emphasized the need for a hierarchy in terms defined and governed by strict rules and lines of authority clearly defined. Considered that the ideal was a bureaucratic organization with activities and objectives established by a deep reasoning and a detailed division of labor explicitly. Weber also believed that the expertise was of great importance and that the evaluation of the results should be completely based on merit.
is believed that bureaucracies are vast and impersonal organizations, they attach more importance to the impersonal efficiency to human needs. Weber and all the scientific management theorists, sought to improve the outcomes of major societal organizations, making their operations were predictable and productive. Although we now attach much value to innovation and flexibility as to efficiency and susceptibility to forecast, the model of Weber's bureaucratic administration came forward, clearly, to the giant corporations like Ford. Weber thought that the particular pattern of relationships that had the bureaucracy was very promising.
School of Human Relations School of Human Relations arose partly because the traditional approach could not sufficiently productive efficiency and harmony in the workplace. This caused increased interest in helping managers to more effectively manage their human resources organizations. Several theorists tried to strengthen classical theory of the organization with elements of sociology and psychology.
line of research in this school is that of Elton Mayo and some other Harvard colleagues, including Fritz J. Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson who conducted a series of studies at Western Electric Company between 1924 and 1933, which eventually became known as "Hawthorne Studies", because many of them were made in the Western Electric Hawthorne plant near Chicago.
These studies investigated the relationship between the amount of lighting in the workplace and worker productivity. The investigators concluded that employees would work with more determination if management cared about their welfare and whether supervisors are paid special attention. This phenomenon became known later as the Hawthorne effect.
The researchers also concluded that informal working groups (the social environment of the employees) have a positive influence on productivity. Many employees Western Electric felt that their work was boring and pointless, but that their relationships and friendships with their peers, sometimes subject to the influence of a shared antagonism against the leaders, gave some meaning to their work and offered them some protection against management. Therefore, peer pressure often posed a greater influence to increase the productivity of workers that the demands of management.
So May was of the opinion that the concept of social man (driven by social needs, eager rewarding relationships at work and more sensitive to the pressures of the working group that the administrative control) were snap need the old concept of rational man, moved by his personal financial needs.
By highlighting the social, the human relations movement improved the classical view that productivity almost exclusively considered as an engineering problem. In a way, May rediscovered the old principle whereby Robert Owen, a genuine concern for workers, "vital machines" as Owen used to call them, would pay dividends.
addition, these researchers stressed the importance of the manager's style and thus revolutionized the training of administrators. The attention was increasingly focused to teach management skills, as opposed to technical skills. Finally, his work has revived interest in group dynamics. Administrators began to think in terms of processes and group awards to complement its previous approach on the individual. School Psychological
Maslow and Douglas McGregor, among others, wrote about the personal growth of individuals. His work spawned new concepts regarding the possibility of ordering relations for the benefit of organizations. In addition, they determined that people wanted to get something more than an instant reward or pleasure. Since people have complex life forms, then the relations in the organization should support this complexity.
According to Maslow, the needs they want to meet people have a pyramid. The physical and security needs at the base of the pyramid and ego needs (eg, the need for respect) and self-actualization needs (such as the need for personal growth and meaning) are at the top. McGregor presented another angle of the concept of complex person. Distinguished two alternative assumptions about people and their position in the job. These two hypotheses which he called Theory X and Theory Y, Theory
Organization Theory of Organizations Central aims to discover the limitations of human rationality. Administrative Man's Party which identifies when it behaves with relative rationality and seeks to obtain satisfactory results, and the difference of Economic Man to act rationally and seek to maximize profit.
James March and Herbert Simon did a work in the late 1950s which raised hundreds of proportion about the patterns of behavior, particularly in relation to communication in organizations. His influence on the development of subsequent management theory has been important and continuing to investigate scientifically.
One of his greatest contributions was the theory of decision
Systems Theory
The context in which it develops the theory of systems is that of a Cold War, which occurred between two diametrically opposed blocs in their ideas: communism and capitalism.
general systems theory or systems theory (GST) is an interdisciplinary research effort that aims to find common properties to entities, systems, occurring at all levels of reality, but are subject traditionally academic disciplines. Its implementation is attributed to the Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy who coined the term in the mid-twentieth century.
organizations as systems: An organization is a socio-technical system included in a broader society is that it interacts influence each other.
can also be defined as a social system, composed of individuals and working groups that meet a certain structure and within a context which partly controls, carry out activities using resources in pursuit of common values.
functions or functional areas of organizations
Human Resource Management Operations Management and Production Management Directorate
Strategic Marketing Management
Management Financial Management Information Technology responsible for management information systems
Administrative Process
The administrative process is the core of business management as a discipline of study, is present in much of the definitions can be found on it.
The process consists of four or more steps (by the author), which in its most basic and accepted are: Planning
Business Organization Economics and Business Management Management Control
Other versions or authors:
together the steps to organize and lead (run) under the name of managing. Aggregate Functions
after handling and before control
The process is also a continuous cycle, and then the last step to control returns to start planning.
detailed functions or processes are not independent, but are completely interrelated. When an organization develops a plan, it must order the structure to enable implementation. After the execution (or perhaps simultaneously) is controlled by the reality of the company is not planning to move away, or if it seeks to understand the causes of this estrangement. Finally, the control may arise a correction made in the planning, which feeds the process.
The role of administrator administrator's profession is varied depending on the level at which position the administrator, must live with the routine and daily uncertainty or operational level planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities your department or division in the intermediate level, or even decision-making at the institutional level, facing an external environment that the company intends to serve. The more you worry the manager to know or learn how to perform the tasks, but be prepared to act at the operational level of the company. The more you worry about developing concepts will be prepared to act at the institutional level of the company. An administrator must know how to prepare a cost estimate or a forecast of sales, how to build a chart or flow chart, and read a balance sheet prepared as planning and production control, etc., as these skills are valuable for administration, however the most important and critical question is how to use them and under what circumstances to apply properly.
management professionals are the administrators, with the university awarding the respective title's Degree in Business Administration Business, also in almost every country in the world there is a master of business degree called MBA. schools must publish classic
are administrative sciences and financial economics, accounting, corporate finance and marketing, strategic management etc.
Management is based around a company and know that if we manage not the result desired, so as we might say that the administration is the foundation of every business, generally speaking, because when we talk about Management also know we mean to manage all our life, our time. Concept
is the global process-oriented decision-making to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently, by planning, organization, integration of personnel, management (leadership) and control. It is a science that is based on looking at future technical, coordinating things, people and systems to achieve, through an objective comparison and hierarchy to effectively and efficiently. Historical Development
There are difficulties to go back to the origin story of the administration. Some writers trace the development of the administration to Sumerian traders and the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids, or the organizational methods of the Church and the old militias. However, many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, they were not required to systematically address the management applications.
Innovations such as the extension of Arabic numbers (between ages V and XV) and the emergence of double entry bookkeeping in 1494 provided the tools for planning and control organizations, and thus birth formal administration. However, it is in the nineteenth century when the first publications that talked about how scientific management, and the first approach of an emergency method claimed given the emergence of the industrial revolution. Siglo XIX
Some think of modern management as a discipline began as an offshoot of the economy in the nineteenth century. The classical economists such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill provided a theoretical background to resource allocation, production, and pricing. At the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney, James Watt and Matthew Boulton, developed technical tools of production such as standardization, quality control procedures, cost accounting, and planning work.
end of the nineteenth century, Leon Walras, Alfred Marshall and other economists introduced a new layer of complexity to the theoretical principles of the Administration. Joseph Wharton offered the first tertiary course on Management in 1881. That's right. jr says. Twentieth Century
During the twentieth century the administration was evolving as organizations became more complex as engineering sciences, sociology, psychology and systems theory were developed.
Classical Theory of Scientific Management School Around 1900
entrepreneurs are trying to give their theories a scientific basis. Examples include "Science of management" of Henry Towne, 1890, "Scientific Management" by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911), "The study Applied movement of Franck and Lillian Gilbreth (1917). In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first consultant in business administration in creating the "Japanese style management." His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered of Japanese quality assurance. For the 1930 Fordism makes its appearance, following the ideas of Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company.
School of Management and Industrial General
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. First, Henri Fayol, who is credited as the founder of classical school of management, was the first systematic managerial behavior and established the 14 principles of management in his book "Industrial and General Administration"
Subordination of individual interests: Above the employees' interests are the interests of the company.
Control Unit, an employee in any job should only take orders from a superior.
Management Unit: One head and one plan for all group activities that have a single objective. This is the essential condition for achieving unity of action, coordination of effort and focus. The control unit can not happen without unity of direction, but does not follow from this.
Centralization: The concentration of authority in the high ranks of the hierarchy.
Hierarchy: Chain of heads ranging from the highest authority to the lowest level and the root of all communication goes to the highest authority.
Division of labor: it means that should specialize the tasks to develop and staff in their work.
Authority and Responsibility: The ability to give orders and expect obedience from others, this creates more responsibilities.
Discipline: This depends on factors such as the desire to work, obedience, dedication, proper behavior. Compensation
personal satisfaction should be guaranteed fair and employees.
Order: Everything must be properly put in place and in place, this order is both material and human.
Equity: kindness and justice to obtain the loyalty of staff.
Stability and duration of staff in charge: You have to give stability to the staff.
Initiative: It has to do with the ability to visualize a plan to monitor and ensure the success of this.
Team Spirit: Have everyone working within the company warmly as if they were a team, make the strength of an organization. Bureaucratic School
The German sociologist Max Weber (1864 - 1920), thinking that an organization aimed at achieving goals, and made by thousands of individuals, required close monitoring of their activities, developed a theory of bureaucratic administration which emphasized the need for a hierarchy in terms defined and governed by strict rules and lines of authority clearly defined. Considered that the ideal was a bureaucratic organization with activities and objectives established by a deep reasoning and a detailed division of labor explicitly. Weber also believed that the expertise was of great importance and that the evaluation of the results should be completely based on merit.
is believed that bureaucracies are vast and impersonal organizations, they attach more importance to the impersonal efficiency to human needs. Weber and all the scientific management theorists, sought to improve the outcomes of major societal organizations, making their operations were predictable and productive. Although we now attach much value to innovation and flexibility as to efficiency and susceptibility to forecast, the model of Weber's bureaucratic administration came forward, clearly, to the giant corporations like Ford. Weber thought that the particular pattern of relationships that had the bureaucracy was very promising.
School of Human Relations School of Human Relations arose partly because the traditional approach could not sufficiently productive efficiency and harmony in the workplace. This caused increased interest in helping managers to more effectively manage their human resources organizations. Several theorists tried to strengthen classical theory of the organization with elements of sociology and psychology.
line of research in this school is that of Elton Mayo and some other Harvard colleagues, including Fritz J. Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson who conducted a series of studies at Western Electric Company between 1924 and 1933, which eventually became known as "Hawthorne Studies", because many of them were made in the Western Electric Hawthorne plant near Chicago.
These studies investigated the relationship between the amount of lighting in the workplace and worker productivity. The investigators concluded that employees would work with more determination if management cared about their welfare and whether supervisors are paid special attention. This phenomenon became known later as the Hawthorne effect.
The researchers also concluded that informal working groups (the social environment of the employees) have a positive influence on productivity. Many employees Western Electric felt that their work was boring and pointless, but that their relationships and friendships with their peers, sometimes subject to the influence of a shared antagonism against the leaders, gave some meaning to their work and offered them some protection against management. Therefore, peer pressure often posed a greater influence to increase the productivity of workers that the demands of management.
So May was of the opinion that the concept of social man (driven by social needs, eager rewarding relationships at work and more sensitive to the pressures of the working group that the administrative control) were snap need the old concept of rational man, moved by his personal financial needs.
By highlighting the social, the human relations movement improved the classical view that productivity almost exclusively considered as an engineering problem. In a way, May rediscovered the old principle whereby Robert Owen, a genuine concern for workers, "vital machines" as Owen used to call them, would pay dividends.
addition, these researchers stressed the importance of the manager's style and thus revolutionized the training of administrators. The attention was increasingly focused to teach management skills, as opposed to technical skills. Finally, his work has revived interest in group dynamics. Administrators began to think in terms of processes and group awards to complement its previous approach on the individual. School Psychological
Maslow and Douglas McGregor, among others, wrote about the personal growth of individuals. His work spawned new concepts regarding the possibility of ordering relations for the benefit of organizations. In addition, they determined that people wanted to get something more than an instant reward or pleasure. Since people have complex life forms, then the relations in the organization should support this complexity.
According to Maslow, the needs they want to meet people have a pyramid. The physical and security needs at the base of the pyramid and ego needs (eg, the need for respect) and self-actualization needs (such as the need for personal growth and meaning) are at the top. McGregor presented another angle of the concept of complex person. Distinguished two alternative assumptions about people and their position in the job. These two hypotheses which he called Theory X and Theory Y, Theory
Organization Theory of Organizations Central aims to discover the limitations of human rationality. Administrative Man's Party which identifies when it behaves with relative rationality and seeks to obtain satisfactory results, and the difference of Economic Man to act rationally and seek to maximize profit.
James March and Herbert Simon did a work in the late 1950s which raised hundreds of proportion about the patterns of behavior, particularly in relation to communication in organizations. His influence on the development of subsequent management theory has been important and continuing to investigate scientifically.
One of his greatest contributions was the theory of decision
Systems Theory
The context in which it develops the theory of systems is that of a Cold War, which occurred between two diametrically opposed blocs in their ideas: communism and capitalism.
general systems theory or systems theory (GST) is an interdisciplinary research effort that aims to find common properties to entities, systems, occurring at all levels of reality, but are subject traditionally academic disciplines. Its implementation is attributed to the Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy who coined the term in the mid-twentieth century.
organizations as systems: An organization is a socio-technical system included in a broader society is that it interacts influence each other.
can also be defined as a social system, composed of individuals and working groups that meet a certain structure and within a context which partly controls, carry out activities using resources in pursuit of common values.
functions or functional areas of organizations
Human Resource Management Operations Management and Production Management Directorate
Strategic Marketing Management
Management Financial Management Information Technology responsible for management information systems
Administrative Process
The administrative process is the core of business management as a discipline of study, is present in much of the definitions can be found on it.
The process consists of four or more steps (by the author), which in its most basic and accepted are: Planning
Business Organization Economics and Business Management Management Control
Other versions or authors:
together the steps to organize and lead (run) under the name of managing. Aggregate Functions
after handling and before control
The process is also a continuous cycle, and then the last step to control returns to start planning.
detailed functions or processes are not independent, but are completely interrelated. When an organization develops a plan, it must order the structure to enable implementation. After the execution (or perhaps simultaneously) is controlled by the reality of the company is not planning to move away, or if it seeks to understand the causes of this estrangement. Finally, the control may arise a correction made in the planning, which feeds the process.
The role of administrator administrator's profession is varied depending on the level at which position the administrator, must live with the routine and daily uncertainty or operational level planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities your department or division in the intermediate level, or even decision-making at the institutional level, facing an external environment that the company intends to serve. The more you worry the manager to know or learn how to perform the tasks, but be prepared to act at the operational level of the company. The more you worry about developing concepts will be prepared to act at the institutional level of the company. An administrator must know how to prepare a cost estimate or a forecast of sales, how to build a chart or flow chart, and read a balance sheet prepared as planning and production control, etc., as these skills are valuable for administration, however the most important and critical question is how to use them and under what circumstances to apply properly.
management professionals are the administrators, with the university awarding the respective title's Degree in Business Administration Business, also in almost every country in the world there is a master of business degree called MBA. schools must publish classic
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