1 .- The concept of communication.
Basically, that there is effective communication must necessarily be given the following factors: an issuer must deliver a message through a channel in the form of a signal or sign, a receiver can receive, decode and interpret. This requires that both share the same code that encrypts the message and forward it to a particular referent. To help you get a feedback loop, or feedback, the receiver must be capable of assuming the functions of transmitter and at the same time, the previous issuer may pass receiver. Of communication thus implies an active player against another person, for while the transmitter emits, the receiver decodes and is, in turn emitting potential.
For Jakobson, each factor corresponds to a function, depending on the communicative intentions of the issuer:
Expressive emphasizes the interiority of the issuer: I'm glad.
conative: communication focuses on the receiver, waiting for a change of attitude in this: Come!
Reference: the statement merely to focus the reference: It's two o'clock.
Fatica: try to check the feasibility of the canal and on the evidence onomatopoeia sound a concert.
Poetics: the language is to draw attention to himself: Three Trapped Tigers ate in a wheat field.
metalinguistic: The language focuses on the code itself: "I" is a personal pronoun.
Both members must share part of their reference system: to communicate something about what the recipient does not have any information implies that its interpretation is unsatisfactory. According to information theory, an optimal system of signs is one that manages to convey the maximum information with minimum signical units. Also, if any of the factors that hinder communication is called noise, while all those resources to remedy the noise is known as redundancy, improved communication system will be the least likely to have noise and that more resources have to lead the message.
The study of communication has been studied by the semiology and semiotics. Semiology Saussure defined as the science that studies the life of signs within social life, making it dependent on psychology and being its most important branch of linguistics. Peirce, for his part, conceived of semiotics from a more logical approach to sociology. Now merge the two disciplines often over and actually become synonymous since the time when both have a common goal: the study and classification of communication systems and its core units: the signs.
A sign is any perceptible substance of great significance. According to Reznikov, the sign functions as a vehicle for meaning, as a medium for information regarding a particular object, the relationship between it and its sign can be natural or arbitrary. The signs are used to receive, hold, process and relay information, functioning as mediating between man and reality, to the point that it becomes an instrument capable of creating a culture. Umberto Eco comes to sign, in fact, every culture has to study as a phenomenon of communication so that semiology is the science that studies all cultural processes as processes of communication.
Thus, the Italian semiotician has established a taxonomy of different semiologies not closed: the animal, or zoosemiótica deals with communication between animals, the olfactory semiology between natural signs as indexes - fresh smell - and codes artificial perfumes, for example, the touch is a communication system widely used among humans: the kiss, hug taste ,...; semiology was thoroughly studied by the structuralist Lévi - Strauss in primitive communities, especially based on the type antinomies sweet / sour ,...; semiology of gesture, or kinetics, considering the significant value gestures, movements and rituals of the Buddhist priests or Hindu dance, wink whistle ,...; semiology has been common among primitive peoples and some of them are preserved as in La Gomera, that of formalized languages, such as mathematics, computer programming languages , the propositional logic, ... and of course the linguistic signs. As the author acknowledges, this typology is tentative: semiologies suffer many of the intersections, such as gestures and animal, and other missing: the color or mixed audiovisual systems.
2 .- The classification of signs.
do not have to have a single type system of signs, communication systems are mixed, mixing different signs of nature, as in the performing arts. On the other hand, it should be noted that the communication does not require any intent by the issuer, as Roland Barthes said that man is an animal communication because it can not communicate or fail to decipher.
signs can be classified according to their nature. On one side we have the natural, or indices, and, secondly, the artificial. The artificial language can be divided into - and these in turn, aids and fundamental - not language - divided into signs, symbols and icons -. Natural signs are not created by man, but played by this: well, the fever is an indicator of disease, or smoke, fire.
artificial non-language signs are created by humans. Can be of three types: symbols, icons and signs. The symbols are material objects that represent abstract ideas, work on modeling, allegory or metaphor, and therefore require of a prior agreement to be understood: so is the symbol of nuclear substance, the cross as a symbol of Christianity, or as \u200b\u200ba symbol of Sagittarius. The icons, however, do not represent abstract ideas, but concrete, with which saved a similarity: a skull and crossed by warm on a poster to a field is an icon danger of death or a doll skirts service door is an icon of the ladies, or as an icon phone. In this sense, some authors have almost comparable icons and pictograms, as defined them as figurative drawings that express a simple semantic content, as a comic vignettes. For its part, the signals can share the properties of the symbols or icons, but they differ in that they dominated the conative function, is hoping for a change in the attitude of the receiver and the puppets of traffic lights, or as one-way street sign.
For its part, the artificial linguistic signs are those of human verbal communication. Other semiotic systems lack a structuring and development similar to verbal language. Also, they can not classify the continuum of reality to some degree demonstrated that without the help of sign language would be impossible to differentiate between two objects or concepts in a clear and permanent. Studies on aphasic disorders, or loss of verbal skills, show how the individual lost in parallel the language and intellectual ability.
Martinet has shown that one of the essential human verbal language is its double articulation, ie the fact that a sentence can be divided into phonemes and sounds into larger units: lexemes and morphemes. The morpheme, as their terminology, consists of a phoneme or group of them involving a significant value can be distinguished as larger units, while the phoneme unit minimum of the second joint, the smallest into which a morpheme, behaving distinctive value only, but not significant. 3 .-
nonverbal languages \u200b\u200band their relationship to verbal language .
3.1 .- Difficulties in the study and common features.
Human communication can not be reduced to verbal language, according to Flora Davis in what it captures of a message results in 45% of a verbal system, while 55% comes from body language. However, despite its importance, this type of communication has not received comparable attention to the verbal system. Have been reported some difficulties for a rigorous study be carried out: firstly, there is no scientific tradition until the early 50's when Hall Birdwhistle and structural studies on gestures and space, respectively, on the other hand, it is evident that satisfactory tools have been developed for data collection to the use of the film: the study was based on direct observation of some phenomena, already culturally heterogeneous.
Apart from these difficulties, we can point out a number of characteristics common to all non-verbal language: first, it seems that most of them predominantly expressive function, in this sense is universal expressions of human feelings - pain, joy, ... - But it is also true that a series of gestures whose meaning varies according to cultures and circle the union of the buds of the thumb and forefinger, as a symbol of OK is insulting in Brazil. A fist with the heart and above is an offensive gesture and called digitus impudicus in Rome, while in some Arab cultures reversed gesture from the heart down and outstretched palm, other gestures can mean different intentions: biting the thumb is offensive in Italy, while Spain may indicate thoughtfully.
Moreover, it is also true nonverbal communication that is inevitable: man can not fail to communicate their inner gestures, with his clothing, ... while it can not stop playing around him, whether consciously or not. In this decoding, it also seems that the main channel shown in humans is the optical. This fact is fundamental to man as the way in which a person is perceived also determines one's perception of itself.
Furthermore nonverbal languages \u200b\u200bcan be used independently, serve as redundancy or make noise in verbal communication:
By replacing, replace verbal communication non-verbal, as when we deny his head.
repeat redundancy is issued - as when the hand gesture of dismissal for redundancy can be used to broadcast Goodbye - Complement - for example if I issue an order quietly with a look of anger - or simply accentuate it - in the movements that accentuate the striking vocals -.
But it is also true that it can serve as a noise when it contradicts the verbal communication, so someone who is hurt but the pain gestures verbally insists it is all right.
nonverbal systems also have a regulatory function of communication, and raise your eyebrows and chin to show that the channel is open, reduce eye contact to pass your turn ...
We can say now that non-verbal language enters as semiotic studies forms an important part of the system of signs used in human communication. It is true that this type of communication associated with man other animate beings, but it is also true that the difference for Rafaelle Simone, this evidence of man's ability to create new communication codes. This skill has been named by the Italian semiotic semiopoiesis unlimited. Such a skill involves, as the author himself, that man has a variety of independent codes, and each They have an expression and a particular content class, this fact makes it possible for codes can interfere with each other simultaneously, enriching human communication. 3.2 .-
gestural communication, or kinetics. Ray L.
Birdwhistell used to systematize the structural model with body movements communicative purpose. The minimum unit of the gesture is the kine, which combined with others can generate Kinema, communicative intent or gestures whose meaning varies depending on the use made of them. Kineme Not all are truly significant in terms of human perception is limited. The point is kinemorfema syntactic as is given by the succession or simultaneity kineme combined. Ekman and Friesen
continued science founded by Birdwhistell and incorporated a taxonomy of kineme:
Emblems: are verbal substitutes, such as manual gesture Come here, Calla, ...
Illustrators: They support the verbal language, the examples above are valid here are supported by their utterances.
Adapters: are the product of a learning process to adapt to certain situations. The adapters I respond to personal needs and body: the management of the spoon ,...; displayed as a result of interpersonal relationship with others: touching, assault ,...; the objectual have to do with some instrumental task: driving, writing, ...
Mood: express emotional states, especially in the face: facial gestures to communicate them eight primary affective states: happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, and interest.
Regulators: predominates in them phatic function: approval to demonstrate that it is maintaining attention, eye deviation to show disinterest or assignment of speaking time, ... 3.2 .-
proxemics.
This science studies - especially after Hall's research - the structure that makes the human being of its immediate space environment from the body. The individual is limited in its communication by a personal space that limits their land lines, this space is variable depending on the situation: if an elevator has been the subject many people will not feel invaded their space but the distance is minimal, but I reject the fact in an open space you are approached inappropriately. Hall found that the standard distance communication depends on the cultures he said the West react to the invasion because it is a culture that prohibits contact while approaching South American and Arab more. Hall, proxemics for West, has established the following types depending on the distance of the speakers:
Less than 45 cm: intimate distance. Communication comes into play touch, smell and body heat.
Between 50 and 75 cm: distance causal - personal. Is the limit of the extension arm and conducive to communicate personal matters.
Between 1.20 and 2 m: social distance and close to normal conversations.
Over 3 m: social distance away. For formal talks. The public is given away from 4 m, and is typical of rigid forms of communication such as speech or conferences. 3.3 .-
paralinguistic elements.
describes the paralinguistic vocal features that accompany the words, not always satisfied with the usual scientific intonation curves, or sintonemas. Thus, the voice qualities include control of emphasis, rhythm, ... but also characterizing voice - laughing, crying, sighing, yawning, ... - And what Trager called segregation vowels: ah, mmm, uh, ... All these elements can be related to different syntopy and sinfasías, ie may be associated with a certain style and even with a layer or spatial location.
Knapp
confirms the importance of these elements, disagreement between what is said and how it says is resolved in favor of the latter. For example, to express themselves according to paralinguistic elements of the disagreement will not result in any way convincing.
3.4 .- Other elements.
The variety of factors involved in nonverbal communication is still, as we have seen, sufficiently developed. However, Cook offers the following types: static aspects
: face, complexion, voice, makeup, clothes, hairstyle ...
Dynamic aspects: orientation, distance, posture and facial gestures, facial expressions, gaze direction and tone, pace and speed of speech.
Meanwhile, Argyle, including nine core areas: physical contact and proximity, orientation, appearance, posture, gestures, head, facial expressions, other body gestures, looks and paralinguistic elements.
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