1 .- The concept of communication.
Basically, that there is effective communication must necessarily be given the following factors: an issuer must deliver a message through a channel in the form of a signal or sign, a receiver can receive, decode and interpret. This requires that both share the same code that encrypts the message and forward it to a particular referent. To help you get a feedback loop, or feedback, the receiver must be capable of assuming the functions of transmitter and at the same time, the previous issuer may pass receiver. This communication does not imply an active player against another person, for while the transmitter emits, the receiver decodes and is, in turn emitting potential.
For Jakobson, each factor corresponds to a function, depending on the communicative intentions of the issuer:
Expressive puts emphasize the interiority of the issuer: I'm glad.
conative: communication focuses on the receiver, waiting for a change of attitude in this: Come!
Reference: the statement merely to focus the reference: It's two o'clock.
Fatica: try to check the feasibility of the canal and on the evidence onomatopoeia sound of a concert.
Poetics: the language is to draw attention to himself: Three Trapped Tigers ate in a wheat field.
metalinguistic: The language focuses on the code itself: "I" is a personal pronoun.
Both members must share part of your system reference: to communicate something about what the recipient does not have any information implies that its interpretation is unsatisfactory. According to information theory, an optimal system of signs is one that manages to convey the maximum information with minimum signical units. Also, if any of the factors that hinder communication is called noise, while all resources to remedy this noise is known as redundancy, improved communication system will be the least likely to have noise and that more resources have to lead the message.
The study of communication has been studied semiology and semiotics. Semiology Saussure defined as the science that studies the life of signs within social life, making it dependent on psychology and being its most important branch of linguistics. Peirce, for his part, conceived of semiotics from a more logical approach to sociology. Today both disciplines often merge into one and actually become synonymous since the time when both have a common goal: the study and classification of communication systems and its minimal units: the signs.
A sign is any perceptible substance of great significance. According to Reznikov, the sign serves as vehicle of a meaning, as a medium for information regarding a particular object, the relationship between it and its sign can be natural or arbitrary. The signs are used to receive, hold, process and relay information, functioning as mediating between man and reality, to the point that it becomes an instrument capable of creating a culture. Umberto Eco comes to sign, in fact, every culture has to study as a phenomenon of communication so that semiology is the science that studies all cultural processes as processes of communication.
Thus, the Italian semiotician has established a taxonomy semiologies closed no different: the animal, or zoosemiótica deals with communication between animals, the olfactory semiology between natural signs as indexes - fresh smell - and artificial codes of perfumes, for example, the touch is a communication system widely used among humans: the kiss, hug semiology ,...; taste has been extensively studied by the structuralist Lévi - Strauss in primitive communities, especially based on the type antinomies sweet / sour ,...; the semiology of gesture, or kinetics, considering the significant value gestures, movements and rituals of the Buddhist or Hindu priests, dance, ,...; wink whistle semiology has been common among primitive peoples and some of them are preserved as in La Gomera, that of formalized languages, such as mathematics, computer programming languages, the propositional logic, ... and of course the linguistic signs. As the author acknowledges, this typology is tentative: many suffer semiologies intersections, such as gestures and animal, and other missing: the color or mixed audiovisual systems. 2 .- The classification of signs.
do not have to have a single type system of signs, communication systems are mixed, mixing different signs of nature, as in the performing arts. On the other hand, it should be noted that the communication does not require any intent by the issuer, as Roland Barthes said that man is an animal communication because it can not communicate or fail to decipher.
signs can be classified according to their nature. On one side we have the natural, or indices, and, secondly, the artificial. The artificial language can be divided into - and these in turn, aids and fundamental - not language - divided into signs, symbols and icons -. Natural signs are not created by man, but played by this: well, the fever is an indicator of disease, or smoke, fire.
artificial non-language signs are created by humans. Can be of three types: symbols, icons and signs. The symbols are material objects that represent abstract ideas, work on modeling, allegory or metaphor, and therefore require a prior agreement to be understood: so is the symbol of nuclear substance, the cross as a symbol of Christianity, or as Sagittarius symbol. The icons, however, do not represent abstract ideas, but concrete, with which saved a similarity: a skull and crusade to warm on a poster to a field is an icon danger of death or a doll in a skirt at the door of a service is an icon of the ladies, or as an icon phone. In this sense, some authors have almost comparable icons and pictograms, as defined them as figurative drawings that express a simple semantic content, such as a comic vignettes. For its part, the signals can share the properties of the symbols or icons, but they differ in that they dominated the conative function, is hoping for a change in the attitude of the receiver and the puppets of traffic lights, or road as a sign of respect unique.
For its part, the artificial linguistic signs are those of human verbal communication. Other semiotic systems lack a structuring and development similar to verbal language. Also, they can not classify the continuum of reality to some degree demonstrated that without the help of sign language would be impossible to differentiate between two objects or concepts in a clear and permanent. Studies on aphasic disorders, or loss of verbal skills, show how the individual lost in parallel the language and intellectual ability.
Martinet has shown that one of the characteristics essential to human verbal language is its double articulation, ie the fact that a sentence can be divided into phonemes and sounds into larger units: lexemes and morphemes. The morpheme, as their terminology, consists of a phoneme or group of them involving a significant value can be distinguished as larger units, while the phoneme, the smallest unit of the second joint is the smallest into which a morpheme , behaving distinctive value only, but not significant.
3 .- The differences and relationships of the concepts of language, language and speech.
Saussure defined language as a multifaceted phenomenon, physical, physiological and psychological representing the man's own ability to communicate through a system of vowel and consonant. Such a capability implies the existence of a specific symbolic function and nerve centers of some genetically determined. Humboldt before him and said Gabelentz a line similar to the French, as we shall see in dealing with linguistic competence.
glossematics, meanwhile, introduced a concept the more logical for them all is not exclusively verbal language: that language can be defined as such must be based on an axiomatic abstract semiotics, acronyms and ideal and earlier Any system in language and speech. Human language differs from other semiotic systems that has a system of signs analyzable, advancing the concept of double articulation of Martinet.
For Humboldt, the inner form of language is the abstraction that covers grammar and systematic details of all formal expressions of a language community. Expressed in similar terms Gabelentz and Saussure: for him, sprach is the language of a people, so that is interpersonal in a linguistic community, is a dynamic and synchronous limits depend on the conscience of the speaker and the investigator's discretion . In defining de Saussure, language is the language as a sign system updated by a particular community, hence it is the social and instituted a system of values \u200b\u200bhave been classified as reality is a particular way.
For the Prague School, the language is also social, abstract and homogeneous and is defined as an ideal system of functions. Glossematics adds that language is finite set of relationships established between members of a particular semantic universe: these members are not tied to reference materials as they are already assumed in a given state of meanings. Martinet delves into the latter definition, stating that the human being analyzed their experience through semantic and phonetic units of its particular language. American linguistics has largely equated the concept of language to the grammar and Chomsky argued that language is an unlimited set of sentences of finite length that uses components also finite set of sentences that is associated with a number of meanings social.
In a final level of detail, the speech is to update the language, limited by the use, adequacy and custom, that is the norm. As for Saussure's speech was unsystematic and individual - now this is denied, the individual speaks is the idiolect - the Prague School says speech can also be systematic and unsystematic system - that irregular verbs in - plus the contextual determinants that occur in different formal expressions of a functional unit can act as complementary laws of the system, for example, the correlation of a subject collective singular in English can become a complementary law of our language system in cases like the majority of deputies voted against.
4 .- The concept of linguistic competence.
The concept of competition is rooted in the idea of \u200b\u200bW. energeia Von Humboldt, which was defined as the eternally repeated effort the human spirit to make the articulated sound capable of expressing the thought, and G. sprachvermögen von der Gabelentz, which corresponds to the human faculty of language.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcompetition is a starting point in the linguistic theories of Noam Chomsky. For him, competition is the rule system that is innate and internalized linguistic knowledge of speakers. The competition is universal in its underlying set of rules common to all languages. Thanks to this competition can produce and deliver an infinite number of sentences hitherto unpublished.
A universal jurisdiction accompanies the one hand, the particular jurisdiction, which covers specific rules of each language, and, secondly, the intuition of the speaker, by which it can judge the grammaticality of the sentences presented to them in this regard, it was a match, as did Weinrich, standard intuition linguistics. Eugenio
Coseriu particular competition was equivalent to intuition, in the sense that Chomsky gave it: grammar not only generates expressions, but above all, an insight that allows the speaker to notice the differences oppositions that run a language. Despite some claims, no competence to be understood by Chomsky's idea of \u200b\u200blanguage of Saussure, for while it is systematic and static, it is dynamic and generative. To Badura, language proficiency consists of a repertoire of linguistic signs, a set of semantic rules and an ability to manage and process complex syntactic relationships.
Moreover, Chomsky is a competition and abstract cognitive system of knowledge that develops in early childhood, so that here also is close to Humboldt to his concept of worldview of languages, whereby each language implies a different way of structuring reality and therefore also different worldview.
other hand, Chomsky defines the performance, or action, as the sequence of speech acts under the influence and limitations of extralinguistic variables derived from the use of language. Only through competition is inferred performance of a specific speaker.
5 .- The concept of communicative competence.
To Badura, communicative competence is inferred through linguistic competence. It is defined as the conditions that a particular communicative situation imposes on the performance, ie, it refers to communication skills in a particular context syntopic, and sinstrático sinfásico. Such competition is divided into two components. Of one side is the hermeneutic component - analytic, ie, the ability to properly understand issues made in a particular communicative situation. It is this component that guarantees the processing and preparation of information necessary to develop a satisfactory comunicaión partners of a particular communicative situation. On the other hand would have the tactical component - rhetoric, which seeks to speech acts are imbued with a certain communicative effectiveness.
In a similar vein Hymes defines communicative competence as the ability to master situations of speech, proper use subcodes sociolinguistic different from the standard code of the particular norm.
full Steger Hymes certain way: for him the linguistic competence is defined as social competence, and it is not more than a collection of linguistic rules of conduct that derive from different uses and diaphasic indications diastratic. This set of standards, such as a social convention, direct language planning strategies in the production and understanding expectations. Hartig and Kurz added that social competence is equally dynamic and generative because it changes with the evolution of society while their emissions adequately to new situations. Habermas, in turn, means that the distinction Chomsky's competence and performance does not take into account that the same general structures of possible situations of communication events are produced by speech acts. These structures serve to place pragmatic expressions generated by competition and are classified as universal pragmatic answer to the system of rules that generate them. Such rules become
phrases, or linguistic units, in statements, or pragmatic units of speech, and a linguistic component has a different social institutions and establishing the true sense of pragmatism. Therefore, a theory communicative competence will study the elementary statements abstracted from the variable component of concrete situations, whose study is left to empirical pragmatics.
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