Brief overview of the formation and evolution of Spanish (I) 
From the news we have only pre-Roman languages \u200b\u200band inscriptions grecolatinas for study. The distribution of such language is set to the Iberian culture in the Levant area, the Ligurian in the northeast, the Turdetano in Lower Andalusia, south of modern Portugal, the Phoenician in the southern coast and a number of Celtic peoples on the dial central and western peninsular, and Basque, which we discuss separately in the northern part. The continued overlap of people and languages \u200b\u200bdo they have multiple matches. His influence is now under a variety of substrates. As phonological presents a number of influences that foster both hallmarks of Castilian, for example, Basque did not utter Latin initial f-, and issued either BYV as / b /, voiced stops / b /, / d / and / g / could be said as fricatives in intervocalic position, while intervocalic deaf tend to background music, also has five vowels with three degrees of opening. In the morphological, Celtic had the ending-s to the nominative plural and suffixes like-Osco,-one,-iego ... as we have been several pre-Roman words, some schools have already passed at the time the Latin Hispanic: cerevisia> beer, lancea> spear, carrus> car ibaiko> Baika> vega ...
With the arrival of the Romans there was a time bilingualism which culminated in the cultural Romanization of the peninsula, all now in our era: in the first century Vespasian gives a general right of citizenship and Christianity, with the spiritual union, so latinizaría complete. Romanization was responsible for Legionnaires and staff who brought their syntopy and syncs to the Iberian Peninsula, occurring as a vulgar Latin regionalism: at one extreme, Andalusia was the purist, while Tarragona is considered the most innovative under the influence of Central Romania. Common to all varieties a series of key events in Vulgar Latin and after training Romance languages: for example, begins to appear in person before OD, sound in the intervocalic voiceless, analytical constructions predominate on synthetic comparatives and superlatives, and, above all, drop the system declines due to several factors: it prefers to use prepositions the case, leaving only the accusative, which loses the final-m, and is chosen by the accent, leaving aside the vowel length. At the same time introducing many Hellenisms: from the distributive each of / kata / to vocabulary related to everyday material reality: origanum> oregano, amphora> amphora ,..., and the cultural sphere: schola> school scaena > ,...; Scene also produces a huge renovation is rated: domus house, sobrinus by nepos ...
between the V and IX, inclusive are given what we know as the Visigoths. Proto is given ranging from a Latin barbarized and romance and Visigoths: equates BYV as / b / in large areas eyo short diphthongs, while in the Tarragona area monophthong / ei /> / e / and / au /> / o / (aurum> gold) and reducing groups as / mb /: plumbum> lead. With them began to appear the first palatalized by yod: apiculam> * Abella, vetum> vetulum> * vielle; ... The Germans and Gothic spent and to Latin vulgar: orgoli> pride guise of mind Werra> war spaiha> spy helm> helmet, cofee> cap, and a number of anthroponyms: All Wars> Álvaro; Gails Wers> Elvira, ... and reinforces the patronymic suffix-Celtic origin in z-ici, which have the same evolution: Ramirici> Ramirez.
For its part, between the eighth and eleventh centuries, the Arab presence has a great influence on what the lexicon is concerned, to the point that the Arabs are now the second largest English lexicon, after Latin. Its influence reaches not only the scope of everyday life - carrot, pottery, roof, oil, doublet ... - But the scientific and administrative - syrup, algorithm, mayor, duty, ... - Even transmitted from the Sanskrit words - chess - and Persian - jasmine -. Their presence is noticeable in place names composed of the item to - Updater value is lost in romance - Medina - City - and guada - River - reaching hybrids with romance - Guadalupe -. The adaptation of the phonetic Arabic to Hispanic romance was deleting or substituting sounds or foreign groups for him, as the guttural al'rde> display, or monophthongization of / ai / en / e / and / au / en / o / : aldeia> village. Morphologically imposed the suffix-í gentile and adjectives to relacionantes - alfonsí, Ceuta ,...-; patronymic ibn-ben-passing - Benavides - or the value of a causative verb-before - slow -. In the syntactic worship extends to romance the prevalence of copulative conjunctions or order subject + verb + complements. The permanent loss of military hegemony, which begins in the XII, causing the decline of Arab influence in the Romance languages, which disappears in the XIV to the forces of Latin and the Romance languages.
From the tenth century to the middle of XIII is given what is known as the Archaic period of English. In the peninsular landscape, until the eleventh century there are a number of peculiarities: on the one hand we have the rusticus sermo, or Latin arromanzado: it remains in decline, cults particles and words, but has a large number of proprietary solutions and the Vulgar Latin dialects emerging romances. On the other hand, the romances and are used with full awareness, as evidenced by the fragments of the glosses navarroaragonés silenses and emilianenses, late and early X XI. However there was no fixing any regulations, giving continuous doubles, ultracorrecciones ...
are found in the peninsula at the end of this period six major areas: the Mozarabic is isolated in Al Andalus and slowly evolving, introduced many archaisms, and progressively will be absorbed from Toledo. In the west is divided the territory Galician and Leonese, this, in the Asturias and north and west of the present Castilla León, the Castilian dialect is the triumphant opening a tapered strip from Santander, which widens as advancing the conquest, taking parts of the Aragonese and Leonese, it merges with the Navarre in the eleventh century, offering compromises between Castilian and Catalan, which had a strong influence of Provence. Unless the Castilian, these dialects have a number of common features: for example, keep Latin initial f-, ct group passes it - lectem> leite - l-initial palatalized - lupus> llobu - and make the feminine plural in-es, not-as: married for houses in the west and south monophthong no ai and ei (Pampaneira, a name Granada is Mozarabism). By contrast, the Castilian kingdom was always very independent: the Romanization of Cantabria was late and not conservative, so that was a pattern that radiated innovative solutions: for vasquismo, aspired Latin initial f-, reduced and groups like ei mb or au, opts for the masculine article, ... . Around 1150 the Chronicle called
Adefonsi Imperatoris
the Castilian nostra lingua. Castilla imposed its own language as epic poetry from the end of XII. The lyrics, however was written in Galician and in areas of Catalonia, in Provence. However, the mode is Castilian triumph at the expense of the expense of Aragon and Leon.
Moreover, in the first half of the eleventh century Sancho el Mayor insulation breaks to Europe and introduced the Cluniac reform, preferring the universality of Romania against regional particularities: in this way, writing down the front Visigothic the Carolingian script that replaces the c k for the phoneme / c / and ch for / c /. As for the final word, are problematic in the twelfth century there are still remaining, and after r, s, l, n, d and z. Immediately spread the influence ultrapyrenean far from the shortened form XI until the end of 1270, when they are already rare cases, and after z d. The short version was that / v /> / f / nuve> nuf; / z /> / s / omenaje> omenax, while / d / vacillates between / t / and / z / poridad> poridat, lid> liz. Enclitic pronouns apocopated left behind personal forms, other pronouns and some nouns. The same phenomenon will suffer the names to-Martino patronymics Antolínez> Martin Antolínez-, double the final consonant-franc-all> tot and both> tant. In addition to the known importance of the Camino de Santiago, we must not forget the abundance of real links, immigration from France and literary intercommunication between troubadours and minstrels in the adoption of foreign solutions.
But undoubtedly the first great romance language setting on the peninsula is carried out by Alfonso X, to the point of setting a system, Alphonsine, which lasts from mid-thirteenth to fourteenth century inclusive. English dignified compared to the Latin: it became the language of culture and film speak Castilian chancery as. For this is modeled after the Castilian of Burgos through grants to the modalities of Leon and Toledo. In the fourteenth century the English makes most of language solutions that will define normatively in the coming centuries. The work of fixing the spelling of Alfonso X going to last until the sixteenth century: x marks the prepalatal, fricative, voiceless, while g + e, i, i, j, the sound, c + e, i c are graphs for dental affricate, deaf to their equivalent z sound, the apicoalveolar Africa is pronounced as if it is deaf was in intervocalic position. The b was grapheme / b /, u and v could be pronounced as a fricative allophone of / b /, or as labiodental, fricative, voiced, especially in the south - Toledo, Extremadura, Murcia and Andalusia, where there was a distinction to the end the XVI. The graphs ll, ñ and rr consolidate the XIV to mark the phonemes / l /, / N / y / r /, respectively. And he began to specialize as a consonant if it was part of a diphthong. The Latin initial f-is drawn as / h /, although the writing stays until 1520, the initial h-was not written because America was silent.
Alfonso X, the propagator of cultural character of his reign brought tremendous improvements syntactic expression caring concepts through subordinates, creating new links and conjunctive phrases, listed in paragraph vocabulary and invigorate many technicalities and cultism, fruit of his creative work and translator.
appears in the fifteenth century English what is known as pre-human. Is introduced by Dante in literature, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The Italianate influence Trecenta rise and the influence of chivalry and courtly Francia.Algunos political and cultural events contribute to these changes: Alfonso V of Aragon conquered Naples in 1443, Enrique de Villena translated the Aeneid, and Juan de Mena their Omero romance (The Iliad), the ancient and not so much moral example as a model of ideal perfection: these uses are reflected in the linguistic features of this time.
The Alphonsine spellings are maintained, but a number of uncertainties in the writing that reflect changes in spoken language: even alternate-t-d end f-and h-initial. Still there seemed doublets overcome, especially in internal consonant clusters: culprit / doubt, omne / man ... Similarly, cultured forms coexist with equity: planto / crying, flame / flame ...
syntax is the one that shows a greater influx latinizante: the gerund and the relative clause is replaced by the present participle: Fortuna triunphante are fearful., He moved the prayer of the infinitive with subject accusative in Latin: esse Caecus Homerum dicitura > Homer is said to be blind, and, in this as in the Preclassic period, is strongly disrupts the normal order of English: the verb is normally at the end of the prayer for the Latin influence, and can separate hyperbaton substantive adjective, while it strengthens its position as an epithet prefixed literature. As lexicon
roman numerals are introduced, but unreliable: inorganic, cirimonia, Gallicisms ,...; perfection: Lady, page, playboy, horse ,...; and Italian gallery, pirate, boom, pilot. ..
named in the Preclassic period (1474 - 1525), the lyrics are definitely introduced in court, renewing the universities, teachers are brought Italian and humanists in general. Elio Antonio de Nebrija, in his Grammar (1492) reinforced and systematized English with improper treatment in Romance languages, naturally promotes selected Renaissance and condemns English non-Latinos.
resolves many of the doubts of the past: the final drop-t-d for the conjunction and falls and disappears for non and not generalized initial h-f-final in 1520. In the same way any other verbs ending in-ades,-edes e-ides, pass-ais,-eis, e-ís, respectively.
However, despite the linguistic unification carried out under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, that necessary for the press, and conducted by Elio Antonio de Nebrija and others, there are many differences between regions: Castilla, Aragon and Leon did not suck h or confused / b / and / v /, while they do the southern areas. But the biggest difference lies in the adjustment of whistling, which will produce the greatest realignment in the system alfonsí: Castile, Aragon and Leon deafen all wheezing, resulting in confusion of spellings: / s / y / z /> / s /: X, G, I, J, prepalatal, fricatives, / s / y / z /> / s /: C + e, i, c, Z, dental affricate, and / s / y / z /> / s / : S, whatever its position, geminate or not, are apicoalveolares and Africa. For its part, Western Andalusia interdental fricatives does the old dental affricates (/ s / and / z /: C + e, i, c, Z) and mix with the apicoalveolares (/ s / y / z /: S-,-SS-, consonant + S and-S-, and therefore also their graphs), these changes will spread to eastern Andalusia and discoveries, to the Canary Islands and America.
Back in the Golden Age, this adjustment process will progress to completion in 1650, determining the current state of wheezing in English: In the north the deaf prepalatal confused with alveolar proximity midpalatal joint and passes, then a velar / x / for g + e, i, xyj, this will happen to the south, the tooth is under the influence interdental South, leaving / O / to c + e, i and z; apicoalveolar while also influenced by the south, it is voiceless, being s for / s /. In turn, the devoicing southern reaches of the north, so that if c + e, i, z, SYZ is pronounced as / O / was given the Zeze, but if it was emitted as the lisp apicoalveolar occurred, then fell apicoalveolar leaving only / o / and giving the current lisp, but there was also the possibility of such a dental allophone [s], which would result from the current lisp.
During the Golden Age are almost all reforms that make up the English news that reflects in several illustrative cases: the male-to move people treated with determinant male: the prophet, a fact that will extend to things in the eighteenth century, like today are like nouns in-u,-e,-n ,...: the pyramid; predominant agent complement preceded by and displacing A ...
Moreover, in the sixteenth century Renaissance predominant natural syntactic criterion, which is broken so clear in the Baroque. As for the lexicon, the processes of conquest by Europeans and Americans to increase significantly the flow lexicon of our language, appearing Italianisms: shotgun, caprice ,...; Gallicisms: slashing, sommelier ,...; Lusitano: menino, ,...; miss Germanisms: mustache, toast ,...; flamenquismos: Finance, window, ... e indigenisms of America: chocolate, potato ...
In the eighteenth century with the founding in 1713, the RAE is producing a series of alterations in the correspondence of phonemes and spellings: in 1726, the Dictionary of Authorities still falling replaced by s ss, and C for c + e, i and z + a, o, u, u and v is for voice, for consonant. For bov question was determined that if the etymon was to bop would b, and if u or v, v, in case of doubt prevail b. Between mid-century and early nineteenth centuries it is determined that ph, th and ch (for the phoneme / k /) vanish for f, TYC, respectively. Is removed and if it has value vowel - Symbol -, qu is limited eei before - and falls four by four - x, for groups / ks / and / gs / but not / x /, reserved for g + e, i, and j.
Under the influence of the Enlightenment and Romanticism introduced many terms in science, politics and economy, terrorism, intervention, tolerance, moral, skeptical, city, liberty, ... and other everyday life: Kibble, satin, bureau, gallant, parliament, ... and some syntactic Gallicisms as a noun + a + infinitive: tactics to follow.
In the twentieth century, apart from that in 1911 the preposition to stop accents, has been tending to correct accents hiáticas - Spelling in 1999, script will tick if it is perceived hiatus - and the reduction of strange groups - dark by dark.
