Consonant.
In English there are four distinct features that allow the opposition relevant structural elements of the consonant system: the action of the vocal cords, soft palate, the point where it is organized and how they do. Action
vocal cords.
If we vibrate to audible sounds or phonemes: / b /, / d /,...
On the contrary, if we do not vibrate with deaf / p /, / t /,... Action
palate.
are oral, or mouth, when the soft palate is joined pharyngeal wall, so that covers the nasal passage and the air passes through the mouth.
But if the veil allows air to pass through the nasal passage will be nasal: / m /, / n / y / n /.
pivot point.
is the place where an active body contacting or approaching another person, to produce a close or narrowing in the oral cavity. According to this criterion, we have:
bilabial: a lip acts upon the other, with the upper and lower asset liability: / p /, / b / and / m /.
labiodental: lower lip, active contact with the edges of the upper teeth: / f /.
Interdental
: the tip of the tongue, active contact with the edges of the teeth: / z /. Dental
: the tip of the tongue, active, rests on the inside of the upper teeth: / t /, / d /. Alveolar
: the tip of the tongue, active, is based on the superior alveolar / l /, / r /.
Palatal: the front of the tongue, active, relies on the hard palate: / l /, / n /, / c /,...
Velar: the postdorso contacting the soft palate or soft palate: / k /, / g /, / x /.
mode off the air in the joint.
Stops: to have the passive and active body full contact closed temporarily off the air. / P /, / t /, / k /,...
Fricatives: the joints cause a narrowing of the buccal cavity approximation of the organs: / s /, / s /, / x /,...
Africa or semiocclusive: As with the stops, it interrupts the flow of air so momentary, but then resolves to the same narrowness of the mouth that cause fricatives: / c /, and ...
Side: the air leaves the sides of the tongue: / l / and / l /. Vibrant
: vibrating tongue alternately hindering the exhaust: / r / and / r /.
Liquid / No liquids.
liquid phonemes are vibrant and it has side vowel features: hold the largest opening and tone within the consonants and vowels can open. The rest of the system, not liquid, it lacks those qualities.
Members.
In our language, the vowels differ from consonants in that the former have a greater audibility, do not prevent the exit of air as the mode of articulation is no longer relevant, are more tense and vibrate for longer and, above all, that can be syllabic nucleus.
only phonologically relevant
the degree of opening of the lips and the joint, while in phonics, addition, add the action of the soft palate, the mode of articulation, labial, acoustics and intensity. Hence we have five vowel sounds and some forty sounds as variants of them.
pivot point.
Keeping the above definition, are velar / o / and / u /, while the palate is / e / e / i /. The s bilabiovelares, relevant only in phonetics, the lips are when contacted while pronounced as velar: wuuuoo. Is central / a /, in the back of the tongue is in the middle palate.
mode of articulation.
vowel phonemes do not prevent the air outlet, hence this feature is not relevant in phonology. This aspect, however, is relevant only in phonetics: in semiconsonants, forming the first element of a diphthong growing in open, organs start with a narrow mouth that is emerging: jyw. While in the semi-vowels, the second element of a diphthong decreasing aperture, that is the very opposite phenomenon: uei.
We note here that the diphthong is the combining vowel group / u / and / i / with other vowels or between yes, while triphthongs start with a glide, have the top of a vowel, which in English is always / / o / e / - and close with a glide. When a diphthong passes hiatus gives the umlaut.
A gap exists when two vowels together do not form a single syllable because: they are both medial - / e / and / o / - or open -/a/-: / wish /, because the vein is closed: / Kaida /; or because it is pronounced in a separate mode: / biéxo /. When a gap occurs diphthong passes syneresis. Action
palate.
Phonemes are always oral, so do not take into account this aspect in phonology. No However, it is possible that nasal vowel sounds are given when a vowel between consonants go Nasal hand.
opening.
are closed, or high, if the language contact as possible with the soft palate: / i / and / u /. The means, in turn, are a little further apart: / o / and / u /, while the open, the / a /, just contact.
rounding.
The velars labialized are accompanied by a rounding of the lips, while unrounded palatal and are central.
intensity.
Due to its condition can be syllabic nucleus, there are vowel sounds that can hold a maximum of intensity: why are divided into stressed and unstressed.
Acoustics, or timbre.
are acute if the back of the mouth is wide, therefore, agree with the palate. When the amplitude corresponding to the front, we face the grave, which are the velars. Be neutral when, as the medial / a /, no cavity is greater than the other. Emilio Alarcos Llorach saw that, the acoustic match the interface, that feature stopped having oppositional value for it.
phonetic Groups: syllable
1.-The syllable.
is the most basic phonetic group may contain one or more items. It has three phases: the explosion, or margin of attack, ranging from the articulatory closure to a more open, the syllabic nucleus, or top, is the hub of the syllable, and offers a maximum loudness, intensity and aperture-in English will is vocal, "and the implosion, or the margin of coda, which tends to close joint. In English may be missing the margins, but not the top.
preceding sounds are positioned atop explosive and those who follow in implosive position. The boundaries between syllables are given, then, by a step of opening to closing and back, and a minimum aperture, resonance and tension between two peaks. Thus, we can define the syllable sounds like a meeting of around an opening, sound and maximum voltage.
syllables are free, or open, if they end in a vowel and the word that follows begins with a consonant. If they end in a consonant or a vowel and followed by word that begins with a consonant syllables we are facing, or closed. Predominate in English ending in a vowel syllables.
2 .- Group of intensity.
It sounds all subordinate to one main expiratory accent. Can form several syllables, dropping the main focus in taking the other secondary. The words that rely on the word that has such a strong stress proclitic called, those who follow it are enclitic. According to Navarro Tomás, there is a strong correlation between the intensity and the syntactic function and the rema-new-information-for example, the verb is always the main focus.
3 .- Group tonic.
In English matches the current group. It consists of a number of syllables among which one by its tone and its articulatory energy, which, in English, can be acute, flat, or antepenultimate sobreesdrújula. The emphasis is further defined by its hue-grade bass or treble-or duration or quantity, long or short. The syllables that precede the tonic are protons, while those that follow it are pellets.
phonic 4 .- Group.
portion of speech is limited by two successive breaks in the joint and may consist of more than one group of intensity. These breaks are respiratory and motivated by the need to mark the end of a phrase or an entire sentence. However, there are different types of pauses more related to the elocutio rhetorical or pragmatic-they depend on the intentions and contextual variables of the speaker. You may also be attached to a linguistic community: in fact, the audio unit marks the intonation of a language: English what has between eight and eleven syllables.
in phonological transcription is marked with triple point and separate bar, with double, for the point and often, the semicolon and colon, with a single bar to eat, and half-bar pause unmarked graphically.
If you want to practice the phonemes in English, there are good videos on the site ' aprendocastellano '
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